Volume V: Economy, Politics, and Environmental Governance

Zakat as a Social Protection Instrument for Women and Child Victims of Violence in Indonesia: A Fiqh Al-Zakāh and Maqāṣid Al-Sharī‘Ah Perspective

  • Raden Rara Rita Erawati UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Indonesia

Keywords

zakat; violence against women; child protection; Islamic social finance; fiqh al-zakāh; maqāṣid al- sharī‘ah; social protection; Indonesia.

Abstract

Violence against women and children remains a structural social-protection challenge in Indonesia because its consequences extend beyond bodily harm to psychological trauma, loss of income, debt, housing insecurity, interrupted education, legal costs, and social exclusion. This article examines the normative and institutional feasibility of positioning zakat as a complementary social protection instrument for women and child victims of violence. It combines doctrinal analysis of Qur’ān 9:60, classical and contemporary fiqh al-zakāh, and maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah with secondary analysis of Indonesia’s 2024 National Women’s Life Experience Survey (SPHPN) and National Survey on the Life Experiences of Children and Adolescents (SNPHAR), as well as the national legal framework on zakat management and victim recovery. The evidence shows a substantial gap between the prevalence of violence and victims’ access to formal services. In 2024, one in four Indonesian women aged 15–64 had experienced physical and/or sexual violence during her lifetime; among children aged 13–17, 50.78% had experienced at least one form of violence during their lifetime and 33.64% during the preceding twelve months. Although awareness of services has improved, actual reporting and receipt of services remain very low. The article argues that eligible victims may receive zakat under al-fuqarā’, al-masākīn, al-ghārimīn, and, under a disciplined contemporary interpretation, fī sabīlillāh; certain cases of coercive captivity and trafficking may also engage the emancipatory rationale of al-riqāb. A maqāṣid-based approach connects such allocation to protection of life, dignity, intellect, lineage/family, and property. The article proposes a survivor-centred Zakat- Based Integrated Recovery Model linking zakat institutions with UPTD PPA, social services, health providers, legal-aid organizations, shelters, and child-protection actors. Zakat should complement, not replace, state obligations, and must be delivered through confidential assessment, safeguarding, sharia supervision, case management, and outcome-based accountability.

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